Basic of Electricity and Fundamentals
Electricity is the physical phenomenon associated with the presence and flow of electric charge which determines electromagnetics interaction, so in order to understand electricity and flow of electric charge first we should understand the set of atomic theories and then try to understand the behavior of the atom and it's constituent element electron protons and neutrons.
Matter
Everything which is around us and that possesses mass and which can occupy some space then is called matter. It has three states solid liquid and gas
these three states are defined as follows:-
Solid
A substance that has a definite shape, mass, and volume and which has resistance to change of its Shape and volume is called solid. Atoms in a solid are tightly bonded with each other with a force which is called interatomic force.Liquid
It is a substance that has a definite mass but no definite shape. it takes the shape of the container in which it is poured. The inter-atomic forces of liquids are weaker than solids.
Gas
It is a substance that has a fixed mass but its volume and shape are not fixed. Gaseous atoms are bonded with weaker interatomic force as compared to liquid. and solid.
atom
An atom is the defining structure of an element that cannot be broken by any chemical or physical process. An atom consists of a nucleus and this nucleus consists of protons and neutrons and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The structure of the atom is similar to the structure of the solar system where the sun is at the center and the other planets revolve around the sun, In the same way, the nucleus is at the center of the atom and the electrons revolve around the nucleus.Nucleus
The nucleus is a region inside the atom where the atomic fundamental particles like protons and neutrons reside. The nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford. All the mass of an atom is present in the nucleus.Neutron
A neutron is a subatomic particle. It is found inside the nucleus with the proton. it is an electrically neutral particle which means its net charge is zero.
Mass of neutron 1.67 ×10^-27 kg
Proton is also a subatomic particle .it is found inside the nucleus with the neutron.it is a positively Charged particle.
Mass of Proton= 1.`67 x 10^-27 kg
Charge of Proton=1.6 x10^-19C
Electron
An electron is also a subatomic particle having a negative charge. electron revolving around the nucleus. Charges on both protons and electrons are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign and also an equal number of protons and electrons are found in an isolated atom. Due to an equal number of electrons and protons, the total charge on an atom is zero and due to this atoms are always found in the neutral condition. Electrons revolve around the nucleus just like the motion of the earth. As we know the earth has two types of motion one is along its Orbit and the other is spinning around its axis like this electron also a round nucleus as well as on its axis. On removal or addition of electrons from an atom, items require different types of properties which are called charges.
Mass of electron=9.108 x10^-31 kg
Charge on electron = -1.6 x 10^-19C
Valence electro n
A valence electron is a type of electron that is found in the outermost shell of the atom. Valence electrons are responsible for the formation of chemical bonds means electrons are responsible for bone formation.
free electron
Metal has 1,2 or 3 electrons in the outermost shell. So it can easily lose the electron. These electrons are away from the nucleus and hence less attracted to the nucleus. these outermost shell electrons are called free electrons. these free electrons are responsible for the flow of electrical energy through any conducting material.
Ion is a state of an atom in which the number of electrons and protons are not equal. In this Condition, the atom has some net effective charge. Either it may be positive or negative. If the atom has a net effective positive charge when it is called cation unless it is called an anion.
Ionization
It is a process in which an atom becomes a cation or anion by the process of losing or gaining the electron. During this process either some amount of energy is gained or released by the atom this release or gain amount of energy is called ionization potential.
Some basic terminology used in electricity
electric current
The flow of charges through a given cross-section of a conductor is called current. Its SI unit is ampere and it is denoted by a capital letter of I. The direction of the flowing of current is opposite to the flow of the electron.
Types of current
alternating current
it is a current which varies continuously with respect to time. It may be of any type of triangular wave, sine wave, cosine wave, etc.
direct current
Electric current which does not change with respect to time but remains constant with time is called direct current.
Effects of electric current
When current flows through a given conductor then it affects the surroundings and conductors. Out of all those effects, some major effects are discussed here
1) Heating effect:- when current flows through a given conductor then the internal resistance of metal resists the flow of the current which produces heat energy and this phenomenon is called the heating effect of electric current.
2) Magnetic effect:- when an electric current is passed through a conductor then this current produce a magnetic field around this conductor and it has the capability to attract magnetic material, this effect is called the magnetic effect of electric current
3) chemical effect:- when an electric current is passed through a conducting liquid which is called an electrolyte then it decomposed into its constituents and this effect is called the chemical effect of current
4) Gas ionization effect:- when electric current flows through a discharge tube filled with mercury vapor, and sodium vapor gas then this gas gets ionized. This effect is called the gas ionization effect of electric current.
The force required to flow the current in a conductor from one terminal to the other terminal is called electromotive force. it is generated by the cell or group of the cell. It is denoted by the capital letter E and measured in volt.
Potential
The force required to move a unit charge from infinity to a given point is called the potential of the charge at that point. it is measured in volt and its SI unit is volt. It is denoted by a capital letter of V.
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